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A “formal finding of guilt” refers to a legal determination by a court that a defendant has been proven guilty of the charges against them. This determination is typically the result of a trial where the prosecution presents evidence and arguments, and the defense has the opportunity to counter those claims. When a court reaches a verdict that the evidence supports a conviction, that is considered a formal finding of guilt.

In this context, conviction denotes the legal conclusion that the defendant has committed the offense described in the charge, thereby demonstrating that the legal process has resulted in a definitive and recognized decision of guilt. This is a critical concept in the legal system as it forms the basis for subsequent penalties or sentencing following the trial.

The other options describe different legal outcomes that do not equate to a finding of guilt. Exoneration refers to being cleared from blame or fault and usually comes after a conviction has been found to be incorrect. Legal absolution implies forgiveness of an offense, which does not relate to a court’s determination of guilt. Adjudication of innocence denotes that the person has been found not guilty, which directly contrasts with a formal finding of guilt.